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How to use gdb in Ubuntu Terminal

Here's a practical, minimal guide for using GDB in Ubuntu terminal — from launching to setting breakpoints and navigating your code. 🧰 Step 1: Compile with Debug Symbols Use -g and disable optimizations ( -O0 preferred for debugging): bash Copy Edit g++ -g -O0 -o myprog myprog.cpp 🚀 Step 2: Launch GDB bash Copy Edit gdb ./myprog You'll see a (gdb) prompt. 🎯 Step 3: Set Breakpoints You can set breakpoints in three main ways : ✅ a. At a function gdb Copy Edit (gdb) break main ✅ b. At a specific file and line gdb Copy Edit (gdb) break myprog.cpp:42 ✅ c. At a method in a class gdb Copy Edit (gdb) break MyClass::doSomething If the symbol is mangled (C++), GDB usually demangles automatically, especially if compiled with -g . ▶️ Step 4: Run the Program gdb Copy Edit (gdb) run 🧭 Step 5: Navigate Command Meaning next or n Step over current line step or s Step into function call finish Run until current function returns continue or c Continue until...
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gBard Ans: various ways to represent null in C++

  There are various ways to represent null in C++. Here are a few examples: NULL: This is the standard way to represent null in C++. It is defined as a macro that expands to the value 0 . nullptr: This is a keyword that was introduced in C++11. It is a more explicit way to represent null, and it is guaranteed to be type-safe. 0: The value 0 can also be used to represent null. However, this is not a good practice, as it can be easily confused with other values, such as zero. std::optional: This is a class template that represents an optional value. It can be used to represent null values in a type-safe way. Here is a table that summarizes the different ways to represent null in C++: Way Description NULL The standard way to represent null in C++. It is defined as a macro that expands to the value 0 . nullptr A keyword that was introduced in C++11. It is a more explicit way to represent null, and it is guaranteed to be type-safe. 0 The value 0 can also be used to represent...
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chatGpt Ans: various ways to represent null in C++

 In C++, there are several ways to represent null or a null-like value depending on the context and the data type involved. Here are the commonly used approaches: 1. Null Pointers:    Null pointers are used to represent a pointer that does not point to any valid memory address. They are typically used with pointer types.    a. `nullptr` (C++11 and later):       ```cpp       int* ptr = nullptr;       ```    b. `NULL` (Legacy):       ```cpp       int* ptr = NULL;       ```    c. `0`:       ```cpp       int* ptr = 0;       ```    Note: It is recommended to use `nullptr` for null pointers in modern C++. 2. Null References:    References cannot be null in C++, but you can use a null-like value to indicate an invalid or uninitialized reference. This approach is not common and can be error-prone, ...
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gBard Ans: Different types of smart pointers in C++

  There are several different types of smart pointers in C++. Here are some of the most common ones: Unique pointers: Unique pointers are a type of smart pointer that owns the object that it points to. This means that there can only be one unique pointer to an object at a time. When a unique pointer goes out of scope, the object that it points to is automatically deleted. Shared pointers: Shared pointers are a type of smart pointer that share ownership of the object that they point to. This means that there can be multiple shared pointers to an object at a time. When the last shared pointer to an object goes out of scope, the object is automatically deleted. Weak pointers: Weak pointers are a type of smart pointer that do not own the object that they point to. This means that the object that the weak pointer points to can be deleted even if the weak pointer is still in scope. Weak pointers are often used to prevent circular references between objects. Auto pointers: Auto po...
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